On April 22, militants gunned down 25 Indian civilians and one Nepali in Kashmir. The attack was claimed by The Resistance Front (TRF), which India considers to be a proxy of the Pakistan-backed Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), before the TRF reversed course and denied responsibility.
On May 7, 2025, India responded with Operation Sindoor, a series of coordinated military strikes targeting terrorist infrastructure within Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Later on the same day, a Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson called India’s military operation “regrettable.” That calibrated diplomatic rebuke served to signal China’s continued strategic hedging between counterterrorism discourse and its enduring “all weather” alliance with “iron-clad” friend Pakistan.
China’s response cast a shadow over its self-ascribed role as a leader of the Global South as well as an aspiring peace-broker in regional conflicts. By characterizing India’s counterterrorism operation as “regrettable” – while remaining silent on the massacre of Indian civilians in a terrorist attack on Indian soil – China revealed the asymmetries in its normative commitments. Diplomatically shielding Pakistan not only undermines its credibility as an impartial negotiator but also exposes the limits of China’s “neutrality” in South Asian crises – a pattern increasingly at odds with its declared ambitions for global leadership and conflict mediation.
To understand the layered nature of China’s response, it is critical to look beyond the statements made by the Foreign Ministry and instead examine the broader ecosystem shaping Beijing’s regional posture. From diplomatic engagements with Islamabad – such as Wang Yi’s call with Pakistan’s foreign minister calling for “impartial investigation” on the terror attack and the Chinese ambassador’s meeting with Pakistan’s prime minister reaffirming the latter’s “legitimate security concerns” – to the strategic framing of events in Chinese state media, and the silences and tactical narratives circulating on social platforms, China’s handling of the Pahalgam killings and Operation Sindoor reveal the contours of a complex balancing act. This act is not merely rhetorical, but instead reflects a deeper strategic calculation, wherein Beijing seeks to protect its stake in Pakistan while managing regional optics.
China’s choices are informed not just by loyalty to Pakistan, but also by a growing awareness that its investments, including the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), cannot remain insulated from instability emanating from cross-border militancy.
Through Thick and Terrorism: A True “All-Weather” Alliance
In the aftermath of Pahalgam, India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi received calls of support from leaders of the United States, France, Israel, Egypt and more; China was notably missing from this list. Post Operation Sindoor, an initial English-language Xinhua article reported neutrally about the details of the strikes by citing official sources from India and Pakistan. However, another Xinhua report – published in Chinese – furthered Pakistan’s narrative of playing the victim card by focusing on casualties of India’s airstrikes. This dichotomy aimed to subtly shape anti-India narratives within China and at the same time promote its image as a benign non-interventionist power at the global level.
India for its part has adhered to diplomatic protocols, with India’s National Security Adviser Ajit Doval briefing his counterparts across countries, including China’s Wang, on Operation Sindoor.
Beyond the reports published by Chinese state media, analysis of Chinese commentaries on this issue also reveals a popular theme of promoting Pakistan’s side and discrediting India’s position in this crisis. One common thread among many Chinese experts is the fear of the India-Pakistan crisis escalating into a nuclear war. Thus Chinese analysts urge other countries to intervene diplomatically to avoid further escalation. While China is likely to refrain from getting directly involved in the conflict, it would prefer getting more global attention on this issue so as to complicate matters for India diplomatically.
In alignment with the pro-Pakistan narrative run by Chinese official media, China’s social media has witnessed active discussions promoting the same narrative by blaming India for this crisis. Many accounts have been propagating unverified stories about India’s loss of fighter jets, while some have accused India of escalating tensions by violating the Indus Waters Treaty, which New Delhi suspended in its initial response to the Pahalgam attack. This has also given rise to several rumors on platforms like Weibo about capture of some Indian soldiers by Pakistan, aiming to malign India’s image and support China’s all-weather strategic friend.
Some Chinese media reports also attempted to cast doubt on India’s preparedness to conduct retaliatory attacks against Pakistan. Until Operation Sindoor, some Chinese commentaries had been spreading misinformation about India’s so-called “humiliation’ during the 2019 Balakot air strikes, suggesting that any similar attack would again expose operational inefficiency of the Indian Air Force despite the improvement in terms of fleet size. Some experts also linked India’s blaming of Pakistan for the Pahalgam attack to India’s own economic and religious instability, concurrently attempting to also challenge India’s position on other bilateral issues, including the China-India conflict.
Notably, some strands of the Chinese commentary subtly drew parallels between India’s assertiveness along the Line of Control (LoC) that divides Pakistan- and Indian-administration Kashmir and its behavior along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in the disputed area between China and India, hinting at enduring strategic distrust of India despite the October 2024 border agreement post Galwan 2020.
There is also a popular view among Chinese commentators that besides targeting “terrorist infrastructure” in Pakistan, the aim of Operation Sindoor was also to weaken Pakistan’s regional status and expand India’s influence in South Asia against China’s rise. This indicates China’s concerns regarding its engagements not only in Pakistan, but throughout South Asia as the region continues to remain unstable, complicating the geopolitical dynamics.
In this regard, one unverified report also dissected the reasons behind India’s refusal to accept an alleged “mediation proposal” by Beijing. If true, such a decision still be completely within Indian jurisdiction and strategic autonomy to do. Instead, the Trump administration in the United States appears to have played a role in brokering talks between India and Pakistan that resulted in a ceasefire declaration on May 10.
Thus, while supporting Pakistan at different levels, China remains eager to use the current situation along LoC to push narratives around its image as a global mediator.
The Price of Patronage
For all of China’s proclamations of neutrality and conflict resolution, it has a permissive attitude in dealings with Pakistan when it comes to cross-border terrorism. This reveals a dangerous paradox: strategic indulgence now threatens China’s own long-term interests in the region. By refusing to censure Islamabad in the wake of the Pahalgam attack – and with continued heavy mortar shelling by Pakistan along the LoC in forward areas like Pooch and Rajouri post Operation Sindoor – Beijing’s success in shielding its “iron” brother Pakistan is momentary. It comes at the cost of jeopardizing China’s regional credibility, economic stakes, and internal security.
Nowhere is this tension more evident than in CPEC, the crown jewel” of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). CPEC does not just run through Pakistan-administered Kashmir, which India remains vehemently opposed to, but also the volatile regions of Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkwa, and Punjab (where India’s Operation Sindoor attacked four terrorist camps). Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have repeatedly witnessed attacks by Baloch rebels and Islamic militant groups, respectively, on Chinese personnel and infrastructure. With Operation Sindoor signaling India’s readiness to escalate costs for proxy-based terror, any future conflagration in these zones would directly threaten Chinese investments and is strategically self-defeating.
Further, cross-border proliferation of jihadist ideology has implications directly for internal stability in China’s Xinjiang region. Should militant flows from Pakistan and Afghanistan gain ideological traction among the Uyghur population or provoke international scrutiny of China’s selective counterterrorism approach, Beijing risks both domestic and reputational blowback. China’s credibility as a leader of the Global South could be called into question. Africa, West Asia, and Southeast Asia – all regions grappling with terrorism and insurgency – could begin to see China’s approach to terrorism as selective situational rather than structural. The inconsistency dilutes Beijing’s claim to global moral leadership.
Critically, Beijing’s reluctance to restrain Islamabad will inadvertently accelerate New Delhi’s strategic alignment with Western-led coalitions such as the Quad and deepen India’s engagement with partners like the United States, France, Israel, Russia, and even the Gulf states. The more Beijing is seen as enabling Pakistan in its weaponization of cross-border terrorism, the greater the incentive for New Delhi to counterbalance through external partnerships – a trend already evident in India’s burgeoning defense and tech ties with Washington, Seoul, Canberra, Brussels, London, and Tokyo, among others.
In this regard, China must rethink the utility of its “iron-clad” partnership. It is no longer sufficient to view Pakistan as a counterweight to India or a loyal BRI client. The relationship demands conditionality. Beijing must apply calibrated pressure on Islamabad to reign in its terror networks and recognize it is not a choice between loyalty and condemnation but between strategic patronage and regional entropy. Unchecked proxies not only threaten India’s security, but also endanger the very infrastructure, influence, and legitimacy China hopes to sustain across the region.
This article was originally published by the Organization for Research on China and Asia (ORCA).